Maize nucleotide sequence coding for a protein with transglutaminase activity and use thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a DNA molecule from maize which codes for a protein with TGase activity and to a gene expression vector comprising said DNA molecule. The invention also relates to the use of the aforementioned DNA molecule or vector in order to produce transformed cells capable of expressing recombinant proteins with TGase activity and to introduce the sequence encoding for a protein with TGase activity into plant cells. In addition, the invention relates to the resulting transgenic plants and cells of microorganisms. Furthermore, the proteins with TGase activity expressed from the above-mentioned DNA sequences can be used, for example, in food manipulation, processing and transformation.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation of co-pending PCT Application No. PCT/ES03/00247 filed May 23, 2003, which in turn, claims priority from Spanish Application Serial No. 200201253, filed on May 31, 2002. Applicants claim the benefits of 35 U.S.C. §120 as to the PCT application and priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 as to said Spanish application, and the entire disclosures of both applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

The invention relates to the identification of new proteins coming from plants with TGase activity and use thereof in the field of food manipulation, processing and transformation and in the development of transgenic plants with new capacities.

PRIOR ART

Transglutaminases (TGase; EC2.3.13) (R-glutaminyl-peptideaminase-γ-glutamyl-transferase) catalyze amide links between a primary amino group of a polyamine or a lysine (amino donor) and a γ-carboxyamide group of a glutamyl of some proteins (amino receptor), by means of an intermediate reaction whereby the enzyme links to the substrate by reaction between the γ-carboxyamide group of the glutamyl residue of the protein and a sufidryl group of a cysteine residue of the active center of the enzyme (Serafini-Fracassini, D., Del Duca, S. & Beninati, S. 1995. Plant Transglutaminases. Phytochemistry 40: 355-365): The result of the TGase activity is: a) modification of the configuration of the protein itself and b) other more extensive changes of configuration as a result of links between the protein itself and between different proteins to form conjugates with a high molecular weight.

There are studies on TGases in humans and also in animals, plants, lower vertebrates, some bacteria, algae and yeast (Makarova, K. S., Aravind, L. & Koovin, E. V. 1999. A superfamily of archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic proteins homologous to animal transglutaminases Protein Science 8:1714-1719; Bergamini, C. M., Dean, M., Tanfani, F. Ferrari, C. & Scatturin. 1999. Conformational stability of human erythrocyte transglutaminase: Patterns of thermal unfolding at acid and alkaline pH. Eur. J. Biochem. 266:575-582; Cariello, L. Ristoratore, F. & Zanitti, L. 1997. A new transglutaminase-like from ascidian Ciona intestinalis. FEBS Lett 408:171-176; Lorand, L. & Conrad. S. M. 1984. Transglutaminases. Mol Cell Biochem 58:9-35; Serafini-Fracassini, D., Del Duca S. & Beninati S. 1995. Plant Transglutaminases. Phytochemistry 40:355-365; Tokunaga, F., Muta, T. Iwanaga, S., Ichinose, A., Davie, E W, Kuma, K. & Miyata, T. 1993. Limulus hemocyte transglutaminase. cDNA cloning, amino acid sequence and tissue localization. J Biol Chem 268:262-268).

The most known TGases are: blood coagulation factor XIII that is a protein of plasma and TGase K implicated in the formation of the stratum corneum epidermidis. On the other hand, some of the genes responsible for some of the cited TGases have already been cloned and the implication of TGases in important processes such as cell differentiation, tissue stabilization or programmed cell death is becoming known (Ichinose, A., Bottenus, R. E. & Davie E. W. 1990. Structure of transglutaminases. J. of Biol. Chemistry. 265(23): 13411-13414; Bergamini, C. M., Dean, M., Tanfani, F., Ferrari, C. & Scatturin. 1999. Conformational stability of human erythrocyte transglutaminase: patterns of thermal unfolding at acid and alkaline pH. Eur. J. Biochem. 266:575-582; Nemes, Z., Marekov, L. N. & Steinert, P. M. 1999. Involucrin cross-linking by transglutaminase 1. J. of Biol. Chemistry. 274(16): 11013-11021). These enzymes also seem to be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, tumors, celiac diseases, etc., and therefore, they are a group of very interesting enzymes in clinical studies. Regarding these clinical studies there are different patents related to TGases: U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,132 “Method of promoting adhesion between tissue surfaces” filed by Orthogene, Inc., 1998; U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,051 “Transglutaminase gene” filed by Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 1998.

The function of plant TGases is less known although the first data about the existence thereof were published some years ago (Icekson I. & Apelbaun, A. 1987. Evidences for transglutaminase activity in plant tissue. Plant Physiol. 84. 972-974; Serafini-Fracassini D., Del Duca S., & D'Orazi D. 1988. First evidence for polyamine conjugation mediate by an enzyme activity in plants. Plant Physiol. 87:757): Studies on plants have been centered above all on biochemical aspects related to the activity, substrates on which same acts and tissues where it is abundant, but its functional role wherein partial data about its intervention, such as: growth and development, morphogenesis in general, photosynthesis and cell death, has not been studied (Margosiak, S. A., Drama, A., Bruce-Carver, M. R., Gonzalez, A. P. Louie, D. & Kuehn. 1990. Identification of the large subunit of ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase as a substrate for transglutaminase in Medicago sativa L. (Alfafa): Plant Physiol. 92: 88-96; Del Ducca, S., Tidu, V., Bassi, R. Exposito, C., & Serafini-Fracassini, D. 1994, Identification of chlorophyll-a/b proteins as substrates of transglutaminase activity in isolated chloroplasts of Helianthus tuberosus L. Planta 193:283-289; Del Ducca, S., Della Mea, M., Muñoz de Rueda, P. & Serafini-Fracassini, D. 2000 Factors affecting transglutaminase activity catalyzing polyamine conjugation to endogenous substrates in the entire chloroplast. Plant Physiol Biochem 38:429-439).

Besides, it is to be emphasized that transglutaminase has an added value for biotechnological purposes. This new supplementary facet as an interesting metabolite comes from its capacity to create covalent links between different proteins. This property has been used, for example, to keep the texture of goods such as fish and meat, reducing the need to use salts (surimi, etc.). For the formulation of gelatins with a different density, etc. For preparing precooked foods with less fat (tofu). It is also possible to keep the consistency, elasticity, moisture or viscosity of a product at different temperatures. Likewise, it is used in different dairy processed foods: cheeses, yogurts, ice creams, etc. So much so, that it is currently used as an “additive” in many bio processed foods, the recommended doses is 65 ppm for this purpose in the USA.

All these possibilities of TGase have produced the creation of different patents on: methods for obtainment, use, etc. and they have made this substance a commercial product such as, for example, those that the firm Ajinomoto has been distributing with the name: Activa TG®. The companies that market the product are Ajinomoto Co., Inc. of Tokyo (widespread also in the U.S.) and Rohm Enzyme of USA (www.skidmore-sales.com/whatsnew/newsletter/summer 2001.pdf): However, in Spain no firm that is dedicated to the industrial production of TGase has been found in Spain.

The first TGase that has been overexpressed for commercial purposes such as the above-cited ones, was carried out with bacteria (Streptoverticillium sp.) by the firm Ajinomoto, which patented the process and the subsequent different improvements of this initial protocol (U.S. Pat. No. 5,156,956 “Transglutaminase” (1992)). Likewise, this same firm has patented, another similar system, but by means of transformation of Crassostrea gigas (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,356 “Transglutaminase originating from Crassostrea gigas (1998)) and from Bacillus subtilus (U.S. Pat. No. 5,948,662 “Bacillus-derived transglutaminase” (1999)).

Over the last few years, the research group, which is the inventor of the present invention, has, likewise, done previous studies on a biochemical level. About the implication of TGase on the morphogenesis of maize calluses and their relationship with light (Bernet, E., Claparols, I., Dondini, L., Santos, M. A., Serafini-Fracassini, D. & Torné, J. M ^(a) . 1999. Changes in polyamine content, arginine and ornithine decarboxylases and transglutaminase activities during light/dark phases (of initial differentiation) in maize calluses and their chloroplast. Plant Physio Biochem. 37(12): 899-909): Besides, immunolocalization of this enzyme in different corn cell systems, in relation to the development of chloroplasts has been recently published (Villalobos, E. Torné, J. M., Ollés, C., Claparols, I. & Santos, M. A. 2001, Subcellular localization of a transglutaminase related to grana development in different maize cell types. Protoplasma. 216: 155-163). However, no results on the molecular identification and functional activity with plant transglutaminases have been found, therefore, new knowledge about said transglutaminases is of utmost commercial interest.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Brief Description

The invention faces the problem related to the scarcity of TGase coming from plants needed in the field of food manipulation and transformation and in the development of transgenic plants with new capacities.

The solution provided by this invention is based on the fact that the inventors have identified some DNA sequences with TGase activity. (TGase; EC2.3.2.13) from corn. The TGase activity of proteins encoded from said DNA sequences has become evident in experiments with extracts of these proteins.

Therefore, an object of this invention is said DNA molecules.

Another additional object of this invention is a vector that comprises, at least, one of said DNA molecules.

Another additional object of this invention comprises the use of said DNA molecules or of said vectors to produce transformed cells capable of expressing recombinant proteins with TGase activity, or to introduce said encoding sequence of a protein with TGase activity into plant cells. The cells of microorganisms and the resulting transgenic plants also comprise additional objects of this invention.

Another additional object of the present invention constitutes the proteins with TGase activity expressed from said DNA sequences and use thereof in food manipulation and transformation.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a DNA molecule, hereinafter DNA molecule of the invention, coming from plants and encoding a protein with TGase activity that comprises a nucleotide sequence selected from among:

a) the nucleotide sequence identified as SEQ ID NO 1, SEQ ID NO3 or a fragment thereof; and

b) a nucleotide sequence similar to the sequence defined in a).

In the sense used in this description, the term “similar” is meant to include any DNA sequence that can be isolated or made on the basis of the nucleotide sequence shown in SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3, for example, by means of introducing conservative or non-conservative nucleotide substitutions, including the insertion of one or more nucleotides, adding one or more nucleotides in any of the ends of the molecule or deletion of one or more nucleotides in any end or inside the sequence.

In general, a similar DNA molecule is substantially homologous to the nucleotide sequence identified as SEQ ID NO 1 or SEQ ID NO 3. In the sense used in this description, the expression “substantially homologous” means that the nucleotide sequences in question have a degree of identity, at the nucleotide level, of, at least 60%, preferably of, at least 85%, or more preferably of, at least 95%.

The DNA molecule of the invention comes from corn and can be found in similar forms in other species of higher plants, among others, rice, wheat, Arabidopsis, etc., where they may be in a natural form or in another case, they could also be the result of a genic transformation process wherein the transformed organism reproduces said DNA molecules. The DNA molecule of the invention may be isolated, by means of conventional techniques, from the DNA of any plant that contains it, by means of use of probes or oligonucleotides, prepared thanks to the information of the nucleotide sequence of said DNA molecule, provided in this invention.

The DNA molecule of this invention includes fragments thereof that have said TGase activity.

In a particular embodiment, the DNA molecule of the invention is a DNA molecule of corn of SEQ ID NO1 or of SEQ ID NO 3.

The DNA molecule of the invention may be used, in general, in the generation of an expression vector, hereinafter expression vector of the invention that permits expression of these proteins with TGase activity in a wide range of host cells. In general, the expression vector of the present invention comprises, at least, one DNA sequence of the invention and, at least, a promoter that directs transcription of the gene of interest, to which it is operatively bonded, and other sequences necessary or appropriate for the transcription of the gene of interest and its suitable adjustment in time and place, for example, signs of beginning and termination, cutting sites, sign of polyadenylation, source of replication, transcriptional enhancers, transcriptional silencers, etc. Examples of suitable expression vectors may be selected in accordance with the conditions and needs of each specific case among plasmides, yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), bacteria artificial chromosomes (BACs), artificial chromosomes based on P1 bacteriophage (PACs), cosmides or viruses, that may also contain, a bacterial source or yeast replication source so that it may be amplified in bacteria or yeasts, as well as a marker usable to select transfected cells other than the gene or genes of interest. Therefore, the invention also refers to a vector that comprises a DNA molecule of the invention. The selection of the vector will depend on the host cell wherein the vector is later going to be introduced. For example, the vector where said DNA sequence is introduced may be a plasmide that, when it is introduced into a host cell, it integrates into the genome of said cell and is replicated together with the chromosome of the host cell.

The vector of the invention may be obtained by conventional methods known by experts in the field (Kovesdi et al.-1997. Curr Opin Biotech 8:583-589 Transgenic Res. 10:83-103; Coffin et al. 1998. Retroviruses, CSHLP; Robbins et al. 1998. Trends Biotech. 16:35-40; Anderson. 1998. Nature 392:25-30; Schindelhauer. 1999. BioEssays 21:76-83): A particular object of the present invention comprises the plasmides pGEMT15 and pGEMT21 that contain the SEQ ID NO 1 and SEQ ID NO 3, respectively.

The invention also provides a cell that comprises a DNA molecule or expression vector of the invention. The host cells that can be transformed with said expression vector may be, for example, GRAS bacterial cells and yeasts. The cells that contain the expression vector of the present invention may be used for overproduction of proteins with TGase activity encoded by the DNA molecule of the present invention. A particular object of the present invention is comprised of a protein with TGase activity, among others, with an amino acid sequence as described in SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO 4.

These results permit the creation of new possibilities to transform a GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) bacterial system or a yeast that would be useful, by means of the heterologous expression, to produce the cited new TGase proteins. As it has been indicated above, a protein with TGase activity may be used in multiple food manipulation, processing and transformation processes thanks to its capacity to create covalent links between different proteins. This characteristic has been used, for example, to keep the texture of foods such as fish and meat, reducing the need to use salts, see patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,689 “Method for treating PSE meat with transglutaminase”, WO 0162888 “Improved composition of marine product”; for producing gelatins with a different density; for preparing precooked foods with less fat (tofu), see U.S. Pat. No. 6,342,256 “Tofu products excellent in freeze resistance and process for producing the same”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,042,851 “Process for producing packed tofu”. It is also possible to keep the consistency, elasticity, moisture or viscosity of a product at different temperatures. Likewise, it is used in different dairy processed foods: cheeses (U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,814 “Incorporation of whey into process cheese”, application US 20010053398 “Cheese whey protein having improved texture process for producing the same and use thereof”), yogurts, ice cream, mayonnaise, sauces and in producing noodles (EP 0948905 “Enzyme preparations comprising transglutaminase and process for producing noodles”, U.S. Pat. No. 6,106,887 “Process for obtaining a modified cereal flour), for chocolate (U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,408 “Process for producing chocolate”), for products derived from potatoes (US application 20020004085 “Methods for producing potato products”), of sugar (JP 200354498 “Production of sugar from cereal flour material by transglutaminase treatment”). The different uses, among others, described in the preceding patents for TGases are examples of the potential uses of the TGases of the present invention. Therefore, a particular object of the present invention is the use of proteins with TGase activity of the present invention, among others, the proteins SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO 4, or solutions that contain them, in food manipulation, processing and transformation. Hereinafter the review of Chiya Kuraishi et al., 2001 (Transglutaminase: Its utilization in the food industry Food Reviews International 17 (2):221-246), is indicated as an example of the uses of the proteins with TGase activity of the present invention.

Finally, there are other uses different from the ones commented on above of proteins with TGase activity of the present invention and of those that are indicated as an illustration of said uses, there are the following patents, among others: “Method for enzymatic treatment of wool” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 161,824 (1998) MacDevitt et al., April 2000; “Enzymatically protein encapsulating oil particles by complex coacervation U.S. patent application Ser. No. 791,953 (1997). Soper, Jon C. et al. March 2000; “Cross-linked gelatin gels and method of making them” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 641,463 (1996) Bishop, P. D. et al. ZymoGenetics, Inc. (Seattle, EA, USA); Process for obtaining a modified cereal flour” U.S. patent application Ser. No. 977,575 Ajinomoto Co. Inc. (Tokyo, Japan). Yamazaki et al. August 2000; “Microbial transglutaminase, their production and use” application Ser. No. 294,565 (1999). NovoNordisk A/S (Bagsvaerd, DK) Bech et al. February 2001.

Besides, the DNA molecule or expression vector of the invention may be used in genetic transformation processes of plants for basic research as well as for the development of transgenic plants with new capacities produced by the manipulation of functions attributed to said TGase (plant growth and development, morphogenesis, photosynthesis and cell death) by means of altering the expression of said proteins.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. TGase activity (measured in pmol of Put Incorporated) of a protein extract corresponding to each one of the products of phagous lysis described in the part about methodology, corresponding to positive phages f1 and f2 (that contain a different cDNA of corn TGase: f1=SEQ ID NO1 and f2=SEQ ID NO 3) and to the negative phage f3 (that does not contain any CDNA of TGase). Besides, the effect of different factors that influence the TGase activity of the extracts, described as inherent of said enzymatic TGase activity in other systems is shown: Calcium=the protein extract and in the absence of calcium. GTP=addition of 1 mM of GTP. MDC=addition of 1 mM of MDC.

FIG. 2. Activity of the two protein extracts corresponding to the two independent phages that contain the two cDNA of TGase (f1=SEQ ID NO 1; f2=SEQ ID NO 2), with respect to a phage that does not contain any of these cDNA (f3), with respect to the amount of protein of the test. The activity is measured in milliunits (mU) of TGase, by including biotincadaverine, as described in the part of methodology.

a=40 mg protein/ml. b=60 mg protein/ml. c=80 mg protein/ml.

EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION Example 1 Isolating and Cloning Two cDNAs Coding for Two Proteins of the Family of Corn Transglutaminases by Means of Immunoscreening Expression Bank

The cDNAs of the present invention were isolated from a cDNA expression bank, in Lambda-ZAPII®, made from EcoRI and XhoI targets, starting with a RNA messenger of two-week old Zea mays subsp. mays plantulae, growing homozygote B73, growing under greenhouse conditions (donated by Dr. Alice Barkan, of the University of Oregon, USA).

A plant transglutaminase of 58 kDa purified with extracts of chloroplasts of Helianthus tuberosus leaves was used as an antigen. A polyclonal antibody was obtained in a hen (Villalobos, E., Torné, J. M., Ollés, C., Claparols, I. & Santos, M. A. 2001. Subcellular localization of a transglutaminase related to grana development in different maize cell types. Protoplasma. 216:155-163). The specificity of the antibody was determined by the dot blot technique, using commercial pig liver transglutaminase, as well as by western blot with purified protein (Dondini, L. 1998. “Poliammine legate e transglutaminasi nelle plante.” PhD. Thesis. University of Bologna, Italy). Titration was carried out by the western blot technique. (The complete methodology is specified in detail in our study: Villalobos, E., Torné, J. M., Ollés, C.-, Claparols, I. & Santos, M. A. 2001. Subcellular localization of a transglutaminase related to grana development in different maize cell types. Protoplasma. 216:155-163).

Immunoscreening of the Bank

Once the title of the bank used is known, a colony of the XL-Blue® strain is inoculated into a liquid LB medium containing MgSO₄ and 20% maltose.

After growing the bacteria until a DO of 2.0 (600 nm) is attained, the mixture of the bacterial culture is made with 4.5×10⁴ pfu from the library, to which 10 mM of IPTG is added. After infecting and inoculating Petri dishes with the LB culture medium+10 mM MgSO₄, a disk of nitrocellulose saturated with 10 mM of IPTG is placed over them. After incubating the Petri dishes with the filter for 4 hours, they are cooled and the filter is washed with PBS. Finally, once the membrane is blocked with skim milk or BSA, it is developed and marked with an antibody. In order to detect lysis where the positive phages that have interacted with the antibody against H. tuberosus transglutaminase are found, western blot analysis is done of said membrane and it is developed on a photographic plate by means of the ECL reagent.

Excision in vivo of Phagemides in pBluescript SK- and Selection of Positive Colonies

Once the two phages that contain the cDNAs that respectively code for a protein that interacts with the antibody have been isolated and purified, then they are excised by the “ExAssist™ Interference-Resistant Helper Phage (Stratagene)”. Coinfecting is done in XL1-Blue strains and infecting is done in XLOLR®. Dishing is done in a selective medium that determines the vector used (pBluescript). In our case, the culture medium that selects transforming colonies is LB-agar added with ampicillin (50 μg/ml), 1 mM IPTG and the X-Gal substrate (40 μg/ml), of the enzyme β-galactosidase, whose gene is interrupted by the insert or cDNA.

Small Scale Isolation of Plasmides (MINIPREP).

For each excision, isolation of the plasmide DNA, that contains the cDNA of interest, is carried out by a small scale MINIPREP technique of the bacterial lysis using SDS and NaOH, neutralized with potassium acetate and purified with a mixture of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl-alcohol (25:24:1) and precipitating with ethanol. Then it is resuspended with TE 1× Buffer added with the RNAase enzyme.

Checking the Presence of cDNA in the pBluescript Vector

In each case, the checking of the presence of the insert in pBluescript is done by digesting a sample of the plasmide DNA, obtained with the same endonuclease enzymes with which the bank (EcoRI and Xhol) was made. Digesting is done according to the requirements of each restriction enzyme (Buffer and temperature). Once digesting has been carried out, the cDNA or insert is released from the vector. This is checked with conventional electrophoresis in 0.5% agarose gel in TBE 1× or TAE 1× Buffer.

Sequentiation (Sequentiation Service of IBMB, “CSIC” of Barcelona).

Once the samples of the minipreparations that contain the cDNAs of interest, have been identified, that turned out to be two in our case, they are precipitated and purified by using the mixture of phenol, chloroform and isoamyl alcohol and pure chloroform before the sequentiation process. The samples to be sequenced were dissolved in water.

Determination of the Complete Encoding Sequence by the RACE Technique

The excisions of the two phages in pBluescript SK-made it possible to obtain two partial cDNAs whose complete encoding sequence was defined by means of the RACE technique. For this purpose, from the total RNA removed from the corn leaf, messenger RNA purified by a polydT column, which is used as a mold for the synthesis of simple chain DNA, is obtained. In order to do so, a specific oligonucleotide deduced from the known cDNA sequence (oligo E1,3′-5′:GATTCTCCCTGATAAG, SEQ ID NO 5) and reverse transcriptase enzyme. After adding a polyT tail to the simple chain DNA by means of terminal deoxytransferase enzyme (TdT), then the second DNA chain is obtained. This is done by the PCR technique using the oligonucleotide 5′ RACE Abridged Anchor. Primer (GIBCO BRL®), specific for DNA with a polyT tail (oligo ANCHOR 5′-3′:GGCCAGGCGTCGACTAGTACGGGIIGGGIIGGGIIG, SEQ ID NO 6) and a second specific oligonucleotide of the partial cDNA with a known sequence, specified above, and that corresponds to the oligo E2, 3′-5′:GTTCTCCAGCATCTCCAG, SEQ ID NO 7).

With the subsequent PCR cycles, said DNA is broadened. The sequence of the cycles was the following: first 2 minutes at 94° C. and then 34 cycles of: 30 seconds at 94° C. for oligo no. 1, but 30 seconds at 60° C. for oligo no. 2, followed in both cases by 7 seconds at 72° C. Finally, it is left at 5° C. for a few hours.

The PCR product is cloned in a suitable vector (such as pGEMT), using lygase enzyme. Then, E. coil strains of the DH5-alpha type are transformed and bacteria are grown in a selective culture medium. The plasmide DNA is removed by the above-described Miniprep technique, purified and the obtained fragment is sequenced. In our case, for both partial cDNA sequences, the fragment needed to complete the encoding sequence, proved to be of only four nucleotides. The complete nucleotide encoding sequences, including the four nucleotides obtained by the RACE technique, are described in SEQ ID NO 1 and SEQ ID NO 3, respectively. The expression vectors containing the sequences SEQ IDNO 1 and SEQ ID NO 3 and used for transforming the host cells are the plasmide pGEMT15 and pGEMT21, respectively.

The amino acid sequences obtained from the nucleotide sequences have homologies with the domains of the transglutaminase type active center of other described non-plant systems, in the area corresponding to the amino acids: 431-474 for the protein of SEQ ID NO 2 (60.97 kDa) and 485-528 for the protein of SEQ ID NO 4 (67 kDa). In both cases, a cysteine (Cys) described as an essential amino acid for the activity of the enzyme (Cys439 in SEQ ID NO 2 and Cys493 in SEQ ID NO 4) is found in these areas. Data base consulted: (www.ncbi.nlm.nih/). Besides, as indicated in sequences SEQ ID NO 1 and SEQ ID NO 3, some regions of 27 nucleotides repeated in tandem in both sequences, SEQ ID NO 1 and SEQ ID NO 3, are observed, although in a different amount, from 15 to 21 repetitions, respectively and with small variations of the nucleotides among some of them. It should be emphasized that these cited repeated regions have not been described before in known TGases. Therefore, they are characteristic of the DNA molecule of the present invention.

Example 2 Checking the Transglutaminase Activity of the Proteins Expressed by said cDNAs

Determination of the TGase Activity of the Protein Expressed by the cDNA

With each one of the two clones of the phages containing the cDNAs of interest, an E. coli (XL-Blue strain) culture is infected in a liquid LB culture medium, to which 10 mM IPTG are added. After lysis at 37° C., the concentration of the total protein of the extract is quantified by the Lowry method (Lowry O H, Rosebrough N J, Farr, A L & Randall R J. 1951. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem. 193:265-275) and with it the tests described hereinafter are carried out, in order to determine the transglutaminase activity in contrast to a lysis extract with a phage that does not contain the cDNA of interest.

Method for Detecting TGase Activity by Determining the Proteins Marked with Tritiated Putrescine

An enzyme extract is prepared with each one of the lysis extracts obtained with both phages (f1 that contains TGase of SEQ ID NO 2 and f2 that contains TGase of SEQ ID NO 4), in a concentration of total proteins of 600 μg, and an enzyme test is carried out at 30° C. for 30 minutes. The enzyme mixture contains, aside from the protein extract, 0.6 mM of putrescine, 185 kBq of tritiated putrescine (0.85 TBq/nmol), 20 mM of Tris-HCl* pH 8 and 3 mM of CaCl₂. The reaction is blocked with 10% trichloroacetic acid containing 2 mM of putrescine. The samples are repeatedly precipitated and the radioactivity of the pellet is measured (Bernet, E., Claparols, L., Dondini, L., Santos, M. A., Serafini-Fracassini, D.- & Torné, J. M ^(a) 1999): Changes in polyamine content, arginine and ornithine decarboxylases and transglutaminase activities during light/dark phases (of initial differentiation) in maize calluses and their chloroplast. Plant Physio Biochem. 37(12): 899-909). The TGase activity is measured in pmols of putrescine per milligram of protein per hour and it was greater in the protein extracts obtained from phages f1 and f2 with respect to the extract from a phage that does not contain any cDNAs of these TGase.

2. Method for Detecting TGase Activity by Means of an Elisa Type Test, Using CBZ-Gln-Gly as the First Substrate and Biotincadaverine as the Second Substrate.

This test consists of a kit provided by the firm Covalab®, which determines, from small amounts of total protein, the TGase activity of the sample, with respect to a commercial TGase of pig liver. The method detects the glutamyl derivatives formed from the peptide and from the polyamine substrate, by TGase activity of the sample by means of a colorimetric test. The activity is measured in TGase units, considering that 0.6 mU of commercial TGase corresponds to an absorbency at 450 nm 1±0.05 OD.

The two protein extracts corresponding to the two lysis products show TGase type activity in the two methods for detecting said activity used and described above (f1 and f2) in comparison with the extract coming from a phage that does not contain any of these cDNAs. The data are shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.

Besides, FIG. 1 shows the effect of different factors on the TGase activity of the extracts, described as inherent to said TGase enzyme activity. Hence, the activity of the expressed protein significant reduces: a] in the absence of calcium, b] in the presence of 1 mM of GTP, c] in the presence of 1 mM of denodansylcadaverine (MDC) and d] in the lysis extract with a phage that does not have the cDNA of interest (f3).

A pair of cultures of the bacteria derived from Escherichia coli, dH5α type, transformed with a plasmide (pBlueScript) that contains a corn cDNA and carriers of a plasmide that contains the gene encoding the protein of sequence SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO 4 of corn, respectively, identified as 15TGZM02 and 21TGZM02, have been deposited in the Spanish Culture Type Collection (“Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo(CECT”), University of Valencia, Research Building, Burjasot Campus, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain, 7 (?) May 2002. The “CECT” deposit number corresponds to them: 5705 for 15TGZM02 and 5706 for 21TGZM02, respectively. 

1. (canceled)
 2. (canceled)
 3. (canceled)
 4. (canceled)
 5. (canceled)
 6. (canceled)
 7. A protein with TGase activity encoded by a nucleotide sequence according to claim
 1. 8. A with TGase activity according to claim 7 wherein it belongs, among others, to the following group: SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO
 4. 9. (canceled)
 10. (canceled)
 11. A method for food manipulation, processing and transformation, among other processes, in order to keep or improve the texture, consistency, elasticity, moisture or viscosity of foods such as fish, cheese, yogurts, ice cream, mayonnaise and meat, for the forming of gelatin with a different density and for preparing precooked foods with less fat, comprising using a protein with TGase activity encoded by a nucleotide of claim
 1. 12. (canceled)
 13. (canceled)
 14. (canceled)
 15. (canceled)
 16. A method for food manipulation, processing and transformation, among other processes, in order to keep or improve the texture, consistency, elasticity, moisture or viscosity of foods such as fish, cheese, yogurts, ice cream, mayonnaise and meat, for the forming of gelatin with a different density and for preparing precooked foods with less fat, comprising using a protein with TGase activity, wherein said protein is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO 2 and SEQ ID NO
 4. 17. (canceled) 